Anhedonia in Adults: Why Have I Lost Interest in Activities I Used to Love?
Anhedonia is the loss of interest or pleasure in activities that used to matter to you. It can also be described as a sense of emotional “numbness” or a “dimming” of joy.
About seven in ten people with major depressive disorder (MDD) experience clinically significant anhedonia.1 It is also one of the nine diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode.2
Left untreated, anhedonia can cause social isolation, drain your energy, strain relationships, undermine work or school, and, in some people, raise the risk of suicidal thoughts.
The good news is that anhedonia is treatable; many different therapies and medications are effective at addressing it. If loss of interest in life is something you experience, a mental health professional can advise on the right treatment approach for your needs.
This page can also help you better understand the ins and outs of loss of interest in activities by exploring:
- What anhedonia is
- The connection between anhedonia and depression, as well as other mental health conditions
- How to recognize the symptoms of anhedonia
- The causes of loss of interest in activities
- The mental health assessment process for anhedonia
- Treatment options for anhedonia
- Where to find professional support
What Is Anhedonia in Adults?
Anhedonia means a reduced ability to feel pleasure. It refers to a state of mind in which things that used to be enjoyable, small or big, stop giving you pleasure the way they used to.
It could be music that once moved you, food you once liked, hobbies you used to look forward to, or the warmth of being with someone you care about. Some people describe it as a “dulling,” a “flattening,” or like the color has drained out of life.
Scientists separate anhedonia into two related experiences. These are:3
- Anticipatory anhedonia, which is the trouble with wanting or looking forward to things
- Consummatory anhedonia, which means trouble with enjoying something when it’s happening in the moment
There are also concepts of social and physical anhedonia. The following sections take a closer look at these concepts.
Social Anhedonia
Social anhedonia means finding it hard to feel pleasure or warmth from being around other people.4
It’s not the same as being shy or introverted. Instead, it refers to feeling no emotional rewards in social situations, even though they did feel comforting and joyful some time ago.
People with social anhedonia describe feeling detached during conversations, as if they’re “present but not connected.” To some, thinking about social activities becomes tiring because their ability to feel the natural pleasure of connection has dimmed.
Physical Anhedonia
Physical anhedonia is the reduced ability to enjoy sensory or bodily pleasures. It includes things like the taste of good food, the warmth of sunlight, the comfort of a soft blanket, or the satisfaction of physical movement.
This loss of pleasure from sensory experiences was first defined in the Chapman Physical Anhedonia Scale.5
The Connection Between Anhedonia and Depression
Anhedonia and depression are deeply intertwined.
Depression is a broad experience that can include sadness, exhaustion, changes in sleep and appetite, hopelessness, and difficulty concentrating.
Anhedonia is one of the key components of depression. In fact, it is one of the core symptoms of depression that doctors use when diagnosing major depressive disorder.2
In depression, brain systems that help us anticipate and experience reward, such as the ventral striatum, prefrontal cortex, and dopamine pathways, become less active. In other words, it’s a biological change that alters how the brain responds to good things.
The severity of anhedonia can predict how intense or long-lasting a depressive episode will be. For instance, in a study on adolescents, higher levels of anhedonia predicted a longer time to remission and fewer depression-free days during treatment.6
Anhedonia can also exist even when sadness isn’t front and center. For example, someone might say, “I’m not crying all the time, I just feel nothing.” That too is depression.
What Other Mental Health Conditions Cause Anhedonia
Besides major depressive disorder, a general loss of interest in activities you used to love can happen in many other mental health issues. These include:
- Bipolar disorder: People with bipolar disorder can also experience strong anhedonia during depressive phases, and sometimes between mood episodes. Severe anhedonia in youth with bipolar illness has been linked to a higher risk for self-harm.7
- Schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Anhedonia is a common “negative” symptom in schizophrenia (meaning it reflects loss or reduction of normal function). Many people with schizophrenia-spectrum conditions report reduced pleasure from social contact and sensory experiences.
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Trauma can blunt your response to how rewarding or pleasurable the world feels. Different studies on reward processing in PTSD show reduced reward functioning linked to anhedonic symptoms.8
- Anxiety disorders (including social anxiety): Anhedonia is increasingly recognized in anxiety. This is because people with chronic anxiety can find it hard to feel pleasure or motivation.
- Eating disorders: A study comparing people with eating disorders versus people without eating disorders found higher rates of anhedonia in the eating-disorder groups.9
How to Recognize Anhedonia
Anhedonia feels like nothing at all. People describe it like living behind a glass wall – the world around them is still there, but its warmth and color don’t reach them.
Here are some signs and feelings that might point toward anhedonia:
- A sense of numbness such that your emotions, both good and bad, feel muted
- You easily get bored with activities that used to light you up
- There is a lack of motivation or desire to start things
- Your thoughts become tinted with discouragement and cynicism because the usual emotional “lift” that balances life’s difficulties is missing
- You feel detached from people you care about
- You experience physical dullness. For example, food may taste less flavorful, music less moving, touch less comforting, or sunlight less warming
- At times, you feel neither happy nor sad, just an empty stillness inside that feels hard to explain
The Underlying Causes for Loss of Interest in Activities
The exact cause of anhedonia is still an active topic of research. But many studies point toward changes in how the brain’s reward system works.
A part of the brain, the ventral striatum, which is located behind and above your ears, contains a tiny structure known as the “nucleus accumbens.” This region is often described as the brain’s “reward center.”
When you expect or receive something rewarding, this area releases dopamine, a chemical messenger that gives the brain a sense of “this feels good, do it again.”
In anhedonia, the reward system in the nucleus accumbens becomes underactive.10 The ventral striatum doesn’t respond as strongly, and dopamine levels are lower or less effectively used. So, while many good things are still happening around you, your brain isn’t picking them up.
As a result, activities that once felt exciting and comforting don’t trigger the same inner reward message.
Besides mental health problems, anhedonia can also be caused by:
- Prolonged overwhelm at work and life (burnout)
- Prolonged or complicated grief
- Changes in dopamine systems that happen during normal aging
- Parkinson’s disease and some forms of dementia
The Diagnosis of Anhedonia
Your healthcare provider can talk to you about your symptoms, how they have changed since the onset, and how long you’ve noticed them. The purpose of these questions is to understand the severity of your symptoms.
Your provider will also want to rule out other possible causes, because sometimes what feels like emotional numbness can have a physical basis.
Therefore, they may do a physical exam and order blood tests to check for conditions that can blunt your energy, for example:
- Low thyroid hormone levels (hypothyroidism)
- Low vitamin D
- Iron deficiency
- Vitamin B12 deficiency
- Imbalanced blood sugar
They may also use screening tools to measure the level of anhedonia, such as questions from the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale or the Chapman Anhedonia Scales.
Is Anhedonia Treatable?
Yes, anhedonia is treatable.
The human brain is what scientists call “plastic,” meaning it has the ability to change, adapt, and rebuild itself. The very same brain circuits that feel “shut down” right now can become active again – with time and the right treatment.
When anhedonia is linked to low dopamine activity, there are medical therapies that can help restore dopamine levels. Antidepressant medications, like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), increase the amount of happy chemicals available in the brain. Similarly, low doses of antipsychotic medications can improve dopamine signaling in certain brain areas.11
Many people also respond well to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a form of talk therapy that helps you gently retrain your mind to engage with positive experiences again.
CBT rebuilds the brain’s connection between behavior and reward.12 For example, you start with very small steps like walking outside, listening to music, or talking to someone you trust. You then learn to recognize subtle moments of enjoyment as they begin to return.
Other treatments for anhedonia include the following:
- Ketamine injections (or nasal spray) have shown promising results in quickly lifting emotional numbness.13
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) uses gentle magnetic pulses to stimulate areas of the brain involved in mood and reward so they become active again.14
- For more severe or resistant cases, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be considered.
Self-Care Tips to Reconnect with Activities You Used to Love
Anhedonia doesn’t mean you’ve lost your ability to enjoy life forever. It is possible to rediscover your feelings of pleasure with self-care alone if they are mild. Plus, self-care, when combined with therapy, can improve the outcomes in severe anhedonia.
Regular exercise, such as something simple like a slow walk or gentle stretching, can stimulate dopamine and serotonin, the brain chemicals involved in pleasure. You don’t have to push yourself hard to aim for a perfect routine; just move your body at your own pace.
Healthy sleep patterns are closely linked to better reward sensitivity. Therefore, you can also try to keep a simple, consistent sleep routine, like going to bed and waking up at roughly the same time each day. Also, dimming screens before bedtime and creating a calm, dark space can help your body naturally produce melatonin, the hormone that supports good rest.
Another idea is to try to be mindful of your surroundings. Notice your breath, the warmth of sunlight on your face, or the feeling of your feet on the ground. These simple moments can break your sense of disconnection.
Last but not least, cutting down on social media is also an aspect of self-care for anhedonia. Constant scrolling can trick the brain’s reward system into chasing quick bursts of stimulation, leaving you feeling even more emotionally flat afterward. So it might help to limit your screen time and give your brain space to notice slower, more genuine sources of pleasure.
Get Help from Mental Health Professionals at Mission Connection
If anything you’ve read here feels familiar, know that you are not alone. Mission Connection Healthcare helps people struggling with mental health difficulties with compassion and care. We can help you rediscover the parts of yourself that still long to feel alive.
Our licensed professionals use evidence-based therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based techniques, and medication support when needed. All of it is delivered within a calm, restorative environment that will put your mind at ease.
Reach out to us today if you’re ready to start feeling engaged, motivated, and joyful again.
References
- Alessandro Serretti. (2023). Anhedonia and Depressive Disorders. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience: The Official Scientific Journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 21(3), 401–409. https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.23.1086
- UpToDate. (2023). DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode. Uptodate.com. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=PSYCH%2F89994
- Gard, D. E., Kring, A. M., Gard, M. G., Horan, W. P., & Green, M. F. (2007). Anhedonia in schizophrenia: Distinctions between anticipatory and consummatory pleasure. Schizophrenia Research, 93(1-3), 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2007.03.008
- Enneking, V., Krüssel, P., Zaremba, D., Dohm, K., Grotegerd, D., Förster, K., Meinert, S., Bürger, C., Dzvonyar, F., Leehr, E. J., Böhnlein, J., Repple, J., Opel, N., Winter, N. R., Hahn, T., Redlich, R., & Dannlowski, U. (2018). Social anhedonia in major depressive disorder: a symptom-specific neuroimaging approach. Neuropsychopharmacology, 44(5), 883–889. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-018-0283-6
- Loas, G., Salinas, E., Guelfi, J. D., & Samuel-Lajeunesse, B. (1992). Physical anhedonia in major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 25(2), 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(92)90076-i
- McMakin, D. L., Olino, T. M., Porta, G., Dietz, L. J., Emslie, G., Clarke, G., Wagner, K. D., Asarnow, J. R., Ryan, N. D., Birmaher, B., Shamseddeen, W., Mayes, T., Kennard, B., Spirito, A., Keller, M., Lynch, F. L., Dickerson, J. F., & Brent, D. A. (2012). Anhedonia Predicts Poorer Recovery Among Youth With Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Treatment–Resistant Depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(4), 404–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.01.011
- Dimick, M. K., Hird, M. A., Fiksenbaum, L. M., Mitchell, R. H. B., & Goldstein, B. I. (2021). Severe anhedonia among adolescents with bipolar disorder is common and associated with increased psychiatric symptom burden. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 134, 200–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.031
- Nawijn, L., van Zuiden, M., Frijling, J. L., Koch, S. B. J., Veltman, D. J., & Olff, M. (2015). Reward functioning in PTSD: A systematic review exploring the mechanisms underlying anhedonia. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 51, 189–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.019
- Dolan, S. C., Khindri, R., Franko, D. L., Thomas, J. J., Reilly, E. E., & Eddy, K. T. (2021). Anhedonia in eating disorders: A meta‐analysis and systematic review. International Journal of Eating Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23645
- Liu, R., Wang, Y., Chen, X., Zhang, Z., Xiao, L., & Zhou, Y. (2021). Anhedonia correlates with functional connectivity of the nucleus accumbens subregions in patients with major depressive disorder. NeuroImage: Clinical, 30, 102599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102599
- Serretti, A. (2025). Anhedonia: Current and future treatments. PCN Reports: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 4(1), e70088. https://doi.org/10.1002/pcn5.70088
- Alsayednasser, B., Widnall, E., O’Mahen, H., Wright, K., Warren, F., Ladwa, A., Khazanov, G. K., Byford, S., Kuyken, W., Watkins, E., Ekers, D., Reed, N., Fletcher, E., McMillian, D., Farrand, P., Richards, D., & Dunn, B. D. (2022). How well do Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Behavioural Activation for depression repair anhedonia? A secondary analysis of the COBRA randomised controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 159, 104185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2022.104185
- Nogo, D., Jasrai, A. K., Kim, H., Nasri, F., Ceban, F., Lui, L. M. W., Rosenblat, J. D., Vinberg, M., Ho, R., & McIntyre, R. S. (2022). The effect of ketamine on anhedonia: improvements in dimensions of anticipatory, consummatory, and motivation-related reward deficits. Psychopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-022-06105-9
- Fukuda, A. M., Kang, J. W. D., Gobin, A. P., Tirrell, E., Kokdere, F., & Carpenter, L. L. (2021). Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on anhedonia in treatment resistant major depressive disorder. Brain and Behavior, 11(9). https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2329
